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Vitamin E oil profile featuring antioxidant properties and role in botanical skincare Herbal Library / Vitamin E Oil This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Vitamin E Oil Alpha-tocopherol Historical / Folk Use Vitamin E is a naturally occurring compound commonly derived from plant oils for topical formulations. It has been widely incorporated into skin preparations for its antioxidant properties and ability to support overall skin vitality. Traditionally added to oils and balms to help maintain freshness and stability within herbal infusions. In topical preparations, it also contributes to a smooth, conditioning feel. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Protective and stabilizing • Antioxidant-rich • Softly hydrating • Restorative to surface • Barrier-supportive • Conditioning and smoothing • Preservative-supportive How Star Naturals uses this botanical Vitamin E oil is included in our formulations to support healthy-looking skin, while helping maintain product integrity. It contributes antioxidant protection and enhances the conditioning properties of our oils and salves. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Muscle Nerve Joint Soothing Salve Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: Human clinical research shows that vitamin E supplementation is associated with increased antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative stress markers in blood and joint fluid in osteoarthritis, which aligns with its known antioxidant properties. PubMed Study 2: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adults with rheumatoid arthritis, oral alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) taken over 12 weeks was not associated with changes in laboratory measures of inflammation compared with placebo but was associated with reduced self-reported pain scores, indicating a possible analgesic association independent of measured peripheral inflammation. PubMed < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Pink Himalayan salt overview featuring mineral content and role in herbal bathing rituals Herbal Library / Pink Himalayan Salt This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Pink Himalayan Salt Halite (Pink Himalayan mineral salt) Historical / Folk Use Pink Himalayan salt has been traditionally used as a mineral-rich culinary and bathing salt. Harvested from ancient sea beds in the Himalayan foothills, it has long been valued for enhancing flavor and for its role in traditional mineral bathing practices. Its warm pink hue, crystalline structure, and trace mineral content distinguish it from refined salts. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Warming and grounding • Mineral-rich • Stabilizing and steady • Moisture-supportive • Cleansing and clarifying • Balancing and fortifying • Restorative in tone How Star Naturals uses this botanical Pink Himalayan salt serves as a base in our botanical bath soak designed to support relaxation and mineral-rich soaking experiences. Dissolved into warm bathwater, the crystals contribute a grounding mineral element that enhances formulations focused on restorative self-care. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Relax and Restore Bath Soak Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: The study concluded that bathing in a solution containing magnesium‑rich salt was associated with improved skin barrier function, increased moisture in the outer skin layer, and reduced surface redness (a marker related to inflammation). PubMed Study 2: A scientific review summarized laboratory and model research on how mineral ions common in salt‑rich waters interact with skin tissues. The analysis observed that some combinations of minerals such as magnesium and calcium were associated with influences on skin barrier parameters and inflammatory markers. PubMed Central Study 3: Mineral composition studies confirm trace amounts of magnesium, calcium, and iron in Himalayan salt. Topical effects of these minerals have been observed for some (e.g., magnesium) in broader mineral salt research. PubMed Central < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Sagebrush botanical overview highlighting traditional topical use and aromatic qualities Herbal Library / Sagebrush This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Commonly known as Great Basin Sagebrush Historical / Folk Use Sagebrush has deep roots in Indigenous and folk traditions of the American West. Growing resiliently in the high desert, its leaves were traditionally gathered for its ceremonial and cleansing qualities. Herbalists valued its bold, earthy scent and its fresh, grounding presence, often turning to it for cleansing, clarity, or reconnection to the land. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Warming and drying • Grounding and steadying • Sharp, earthy, and strongly aromatic • Grounding with an edge of stimulation • Traditionally associated with protection, purification, and resilience • Evokes bold and wild strength How Star Naturals uses this botanical Sagebrush appears in our Hippie Vibes Perfume where wild, earthy aromatic character is desired. While gentle on the skin, its high-desert freshness and grounding herbal note complement the other botanicals in the free-spirited blend. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Hippie Vibes Perfume Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: Early laboratory research evaluated the volatile (essential oil) components of Artemisia tridentata and observed antibacterial activity against bacteria sourced from the rumen of mule deer when exposed to oil at specific concentrations. PubMed Study 2: Review of ethnobotanical reports document traditional external use of sagebrush across Indigenous North American practices. Historical accounts describe Great Basin sagebrush topically applied as poultices or washes for various skin concerns and wound care in traditional contexts. Scientific corroboration from well-controlled human trials is lacking. Caring Sunshine Study 3: Chemical analysis observed that Great Basin Sagebrush essential oil contains camphor and eucalyptol, which were associated with antimicrobial effects in laboratory tests. PubMed Central Study 4: The use of sagebrush as a hair rinse for dandruff and scalp conditioning has been described in traditional herbal accounts. Practical Plants < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Thyme botanical profile exploring aromatic qualities and traditional use in herbal wellness preparations Herbal Library / Thyme This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Thyme Thymus vulgaris Historical / Folk Use Thyme has been used for centuries in Mediterranean and European culinary and herbal traditions as a fragrant, savory herb. The leaves were commonly added to foods, teas, vinegar infusions, and traditional household remedies, contributing herbal richness to seasonal preparations. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Warm, herbaceous, and gently earthy aroma • Stimulating and activating • Circulatory-moving • Clarifying to senses • Fortifying and steady • Grounding yet uplifting How Star Naturals uses this botanical Thyme appears in our Fire Cider Vitality Tonic, bringing aromatic clarity and lively herbal character to the blend. Its bold, earthy flavor complements the warming spices and vibrant botanicals in the recipe, contributing complexity and balance. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Fire Cider Vitality Tonic Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: A systematic review found that thyme and its compounds have been associated with antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity in laboratory and some clinical contexts, and historically have been used for respiratory and digestive symptoms. PubMed Central Study 2: Nutrient and phytochemical analyses indicate that thyme contains vitamins A, C, K, B6, and minerals like manganese, along with phenolic compounds associated with biochemical antioxidant activity. MDPI Study 3: This review observed that thyme and its bioactive compounds, including thymol, are associated with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities in scientific research and that thyme contains notable nutrients like vitamins C and A, though direct clinical evidence in people is limited. PubMed Central < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Passionflower botanical profile exploring calming properties and traditional herbal use Herbal Library / Passionflower This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Passionflower Passiflora incarnata Historical / Folk Use Passionflower has a long history in North and Central American herbal traditions, where its intricate blossoms and winding vines were widely admired. The leaves and flowers were commonly dried and prepared as teas, infusions, and evening herbal blends. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Cooling and calming • Relaxing to tension • Soft and steady • Harmonizing to mood • Lightly hydrating • Soothing and gentle • Restorative and mild • Gentle, unwinding tranquility How Star Naturals uses this botanical Passionflower appears in our botanical bath soak designed to support self-care and relaxation. As the botanicals steep in warm bathwater, passionflower contributes a soft herbal note that complements the other flowers and herbs in the blend. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Relax and Restore Bath Soak Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study evaluated a passionflower extract in adults experiencing stress and sleep concerns. The research observed associations with improved sleep-related scores and reduced perceived stress during the study period. Ingredients Network Study 2: A randomized, double-blind study evaluated passionflower tea in healthy adults. The research observed associations with modest improvements in self-reported sleep quality during short-term use. PubMed Study 3: A randomized clinical trial evaluated a passionflower extract in adults with anxiety. The research observed reductions in self-reported anxiety scores during the study period. PubMed Study 4: An animal study evaluated passionflower leaf extracts in laboratory models of discomfort. The research observed reduced pain-related responses . Green Pharmacy < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Mandarin essential oil profile highlighting uplifting aroma and traditional use Herbal Library / Mandarins This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Mandarins Citrus reticulata Historical / Folk Use Mandarins have long been enjoyed in Asian and Mediterranean culinary traditions for their natural sweetness and vibrant, uplifting aroma. Historically, they were enjoyed fresh, preserved, or infused in vinegars and syrups, often used in kitchen rituals and festive preparations. In folklore, mandarins symbolized vitality, abundance, and cheerfulness, bringing a sense of lightness and brightness to culinary and herbal applications. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Lightly warming • Sweet and uplifting • Aromatic and expansive • Clarifying to mood • Gentle and bright • Refreshing and smooth • Associated with cheerfulness, vitality, and festive energy How Star Naturals uses this botanical Mandarins are added to our Fire Cider Vitality Tonic for their bright citrus character and natural sweetness. Their fresh, lively flavor balances the warming spices and bold botanicals in the blend, adding a vibrant citrus note that complements the traditional vinegar-based recipe. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Fire Cider Vitality Tonic Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: Mandarins provide vitamin C and dietary fiber, as well as nutrients such as potassium and small amounts of iron. They also contain plant antioxidants, including flavonoids, which have been associated with increased antioxidant activity in laboratory and human studies. Healthline Study 2: Reviews of citrus fruit constituents note that flavonoids found in mandarins and related fruits have antioxidant properties in laboratory studies, indicating potential roles in reducing oxidative processes. PubMed Central < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Tea tree essential oil profile highlighting cleansing properties and traditional topical use Herbal Library / Tea Tree This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Tea Tree Melaleuca alternifolia Historical / Folk Use Tea tree has been used in Australian herbal traditions for its fresh, aromatic, and cleansing qualities. The leaves and essential oil were included in household preparations such as infused oils and aromatic washes, where their crisp herbal scent added vitality, freshness, and a purifying presence to traditional blends. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Cooling and invigorating • Sharp and clarifying • Purification and clarity • Freshness and renewal • Stimulating and bright How Star Naturals uses this botanical Tea tree essential oil appears in our botanical face wash and aromatherapy roll-on where fresh, herbal clarity is desired. Its crisp, invigorating aroma complements the other botanicals in the blends while contributing a clean and refreshing character to the formulation. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Immune Harmony Aromatherapy Roll-On Herbal Face Wash Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: In a clinical trial, a diluted tea tree oil gel and benzoyl peroxide lotion were both evaluated for mild to moderate facial acne. The research observed reductions in acne lesion counts with tea tree oil, along with lower reports of dryness and irritation compared with benzoyl peroxide. PubMed Study 2: A human pilot study evaluated facial products containing tea tree essential oil used twice daily over 12 weeks in individuals with mild to moderate acne. The research observed reductions in acne lesion counts and in skin oiliness over time. PubMed Central Study 3: A scientific review evaluated human research on tea tree oil and acne, noting changes in inflammatory lesion counts associated with topical tea tree oil use. It also described tea tree oil’s antibacterial and anti‑inflammatory properties. MDPI Study 4: In laboratory tests, terpinen‑4‑ol was associated with antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus cultures, with concentrations inhibiting bacterial growth and formation of biofilms. PubMed Study 5: A laboratory study investigated tea tree essential oil and its components against an influenza A (H1N1) virus strain in cell cultures. The research observed that the essential oil and some of its constituents reduced influenza virus replication in this controlled laboratory model. PubMed Study 6: A laboratory study explored how tea tree oil impacts influenza A virus infection in cell cultures. The research observed that exposure to the oil, shortly after viral infection, was associated with reduced viral replication, indicating an effect on early steps of the viral cycle. PubMed < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Sweet orange essential oil profile featuring uplifting citrus aroma and traditional use Herbal Library / Sweet Orange This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Sweet Orange Citrus sinensis Historical / Folk Use Sweet orange has been widely used in Mediterranean and global traditions for its bright, uplifting aroma. The oil from the peel was valued for refreshing the mood and enhancing aromatic blends. Its cheerful scent became widely appreciated in perfumery and herbal preparations. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Bright, sweet, citrus aroma • Refreshing, uplifting, rejuvenating • Lightly warming • Aromatic and expansive • Clarifying to mood • Fresh and vibrant • Softly stimulating • Joyful and radiant How Star Naturals uses this botanical Sweet orange essential oil appears in several of our aromatic formulations, including our aromatherapy roll-ons and botanical perfume. Its bright, citrus aroma adds uplifting clarity and freshness to the blends. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Immune Harmony Aromatherapy Roll-On Botanical Castile Soap Uplifting Mind Aromatherapy Roll-On Earthly Divine Perfume Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: A scientific review looked at human studies of essential oil combinations that included sweet orange oil for viral respiratory infections. The research observed associations with mild to moderate symptom relief in respiratory infection contexts. PubMed Central Study 2: Human studies have evaluated sweet orange essential oil inhalation for mood and physiological effects. The research observed changes in anxiety and autonomic markers during exposure. MDPI Study 3: A randomized clinical trial in women during labor observed that inhalation of sweet orange essential oil was associated with greater reductions in anxiety, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate compared with placebo. PubMed Study 4: In this pediatric clinical setting, inhalation of orange essential oil is associated with reductions in physiological indicators of anxiety, including reduce salivary cortisol and pulse rate, compared with control. PubMed Central Study 5: A review of citrus essential oils reported that inhalation of citrus aromas, including sweet orange, has been associated with relaxation, calming responses, and enhancements in mood in research settings. PubMed Central < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Sweet almond oil botanical profile highlighting nourishing properties and use in herbal skincare Herbal Library / Sweet Almond Oil This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Sweet Almond Oil Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Historical / Folk Use Sweet almond oil has been used for centuries in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern traditions as a nourishing skin oil. Cold-pressed from the kernel, it was traditionally applied to soften dry skin, improve suppleness, and support a smooth, healthy appearance. It has long been valued for its gentle compatibility with a wide range of skin types, making it an ideal base for herbal infusions. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Neutral and balancing • Softly hydrating • Nourishing and emollient • Gentle and adaptable • Protective to barrier • Lightly warming • Smoothing to texture How Star Naturals uses this botanical Sweet almond oil serves as a deeply nourishing carrier oil in several of our formulations. It supports skin softness, enhances glide in salves and serums, and helps maintain a supple, comfortable feel without heaviness. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Muscle Nerve Joint Soothing Salve Uplifting Mind Aromatherapy Roll-On Rose & Patchouli Perfume Calm Down Love Aromatherapy Roll-On Earthly Divine Perfume Head Ease Herbal Aromatherapy Roll-On Secret Cabin Natural Fragrance Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: Sweet almond oil contains a mix of fatty acids and nutrients that are associated with enhanced skin hydration and barrier support when used topically, making it a common ingredient in moisturizing formulations. MDPI Study 2: Safety assessments report that sweet almond oil is generally well tolerated when applied to the skin and does not typically cause significant irritation or sensitization, supporting its use in topical applications including as a carrier oil for essential oils or herbal infusions. CIR Supplement Manuscript Study 3: Although large-scale clinical trials isolating sweet almond oil for specific inflammatory skin conditions are limited, the anti-inflammatory and barrier-supporting properties of plant oils are recognized in dermatologic research and are consistent with traditional use for dry, irritated, or sensitive skin. Caring Sunshine < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Sweet marjoram essential oil profile exploring gentle aroma and traditional use in herbal blends Herbal Library / Sweet Marjoram This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Sweet Marjoram Origanum majorana Historical / Folk Use Sweet marjoram has been used for centuries in Mediterranean culinary and herbal traditions as a warming, aromatic herb. Traditionally added to foods, teas, and aromatic preparations, it was valued for supporting comfort and relaxation. Its soft, herbaceous scent and gentle flavor made it a staple in soothing preparations. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Warming and calming • Aromatic and soft • Relaxing to tension • Circulatory-moving • Gently uplifting, soothing, opening • Comforting and smooth How Star Naturals uses this botanical Sweet marjoram essential oil appears in our aromatherapy roll-on where warm herbal clarity is desired. Its soft, slightly spicy aroma enhances formulations focused on easing tension and encouraging a calm, steady state. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Airway Ease Aromatherapy Roll-On Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: Sweet marjoram essential oil contains natural plant compounds that help protect cells from oxidative stress. One key compound, terpinen-4-ol, contributes to the herb’s antioxidant activity, which may support skin health and overall tissue resilience when used appropriately. PubMed Study 2: A human study evaluating a traditional herbal formulation containing marjoram documented its use in throat and respiratory comfort contexts and measured voice-related parameters. Science Direct Study 3: A randomized controlled study evaluated inhalation of sweet marjoram essential oil among nurses during work. The research observed associations with lower self-reported stress and anxiety scores following the inhalation period. PubMed Central < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Sunflower oil botanical profile featuring lightweight texture and role in skincare formulations Herbal Library / Sunflower Oil This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Sunflower Oil Helianthus annuus Historical / Folk Use Sunflower oil has long been used in culinary and herbal traditions across Europe and the Americas. Pressed from the seeds of the sunflower plant, the oil was commonly incorporated into botanical oils and household preparations. Its light, nourishing texture made it a popular ingredient in herbal oil infusions and traditional skin-care blends. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Neutral and balancing • Light and smooth • Softly nourishing • Barrier-supportive • Gentle and adaptable • Moisture-enhancing • Stabilizing and steady How Star Naturals uses this botanical Sunflower oil appears in our botanical skin salve where smooth texture and nourishing plant oils are desired. Its light consistency supports a comfortable skin feel and enhances the absorption of the infused botanicals. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Skin Relief Organic Herbal Salve Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: In a controlled laboratory cell model, sunflower seed extract was associated with accelerated wound closure and exhibited antioxidant activity in a human keratinocyte assay. PubMed Study 2: A narrative review of sunflower seed oil’s properties reported associations between its composition (linoleic acid, oleic acid, vitamin E) and observable effects on skin barrier integrity, hydration, and wound‑healing processes in conditions such as dryness and eczema. PubMed Study 3: In a controlled clinical study of adults with mild‑to‑moderate eczema, a product containing emollient derivatives from sunflower seed oil and coconut oil was associated with larger improvements in itch and higher eczema severity improvement rates compared with vehicle over four weeks. PubMed Study 4: In a randomized, double‑blind clinical trial, topical sunflower oil was associated with observed reductions in psoriasis severity scores over eight weeks in adults with mild to moderate plaque‑type psoriasis. No adverse skin reactions were noted. Journal of Medicine, UST < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >

Star anise botanical overview highlighting aromatic qualities and traditional use Herbal Library / Star Anise This botanical profile is part of the Star Naturals Herbal Library. Star Anise Illicium verum Historical / Folk Use Star anise has been traditionally used in East Asian herbal and culinary practices for its sweet, licorice-like flavor. Prepared as tea or spice, it was valued for supporting digestive comfort and enhancing seasonal preparations. Energetics Traditionally described as: • Warming and sweet • Gently spicy aroma • Lightly stimulating • Digestive-supportive • Grounding and gentle • Softly activating yet comforting How Star Naturals uses this botanical Star anise appears in our internal blends where warm spice and aromatic sweetness are desired. Its distinctive licorice-like flavor complements the bold herbs and spices in these traditional preparations. Found in these Star Naturals formulations: Fire Cider Vitality Tonic Elderberry Syrup – Seasonal Wellness Support Research & Resources The research summaries below highlight findings from scientific studies on compounds found in this botanical. They are provided for educational purposes and do not represent claims about the effects of Star Naturals products. Study 1: Laboratory research observed that star anise essential oil was associated with inhibitory effects on multiple bacteria and on bacterial biofilm formation under controlled conditions. PubMed Study 2: In laboratory cell experiments, star anise extract was observed to inhibit replication of a model virus under controlled conditions. PubMed Study 3: Star anise extract was associated with antioxidant activity and reductions in inflammatory markers under experimental conditions, in a controlled model. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal < Previous herb Back to Herbal Library Next herb >